Adolescent and youth health and wellbeing

Around the world, 12 million girls are married before the age of 18 every year. Child marriage is a practice deeply rooted in gender inequality, and exacerbated by poverty, political insecurity and harmful social norms.

Child marriage leads to girls failing to achieve their education goals and falling pregnant before they are physically and emotionally mature enough to become mothers, and carries serious health risks. Girls married before 18 years are also more likely to experience gender-based violence (GBV).

In some contexts, child marriage is also closely linked to female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), which is a human rights violation and is damaging to girls’ physical and mental health. 90% of teenage pregnancies happen in the context of child marriage. Reducing child marriage will help to improve the health of millions of girls and women, and their children. 

Disability, exclusion and discrimination

Young people with disabilities (YPWD) often face stereotypes regarding their sexuality such as being infantilised and assumed not to be sexually active, and harmful social norms and beliefs about their capability for marriage and parenthood. Their sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) continue to not be recognised or prioritised by health systems. Hence, YPWD often face additional barriers to care, services, education and information about SRHR, gender-based violence and other violence and abuse. Where access to health in general is restricted, sexual and reproductive health is almost negligible.  

• SRHR services are often inaccessible to persons with disabilities for various reasons such as :  
• Lack of physical access due to transport or within the clinics due to lack of ramps, adapted examination tables etc 
• Lack of information and communication materials (e.g. lack of materials in Braille, large print, simple language, audio, pictures; lack of sign language interpreters); 
• Health-care providers’ negative attitudes and beliefs 
• Health-care providers’ lack of knowledge and skills 
• Lack of funding, including access to health insurance and social protection  

Sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)

Violence against women and girls remains widespread and starts alarmingly young. Adolescents and youth are highly impacted by SGBV in their communities: their young age, inexperience and lack of life skills or self-confidence  increases their risk of physical, sexual and intimate partner violence or coercion. Suffering SGBV during adolescence can lead to long-lasting mental and physical health outcomes, and can set young women on a trajectory for subsequent abuse.  

• Across their lifetime, 1 in 3 women and girls,  around 736 million, are subjected to SGBV – a number that has remained largely unchanged over the past decade. 
• 1 in 4 young women (aged 15-24 years) who have been in a relationship will have already experienced violence by an intimate partner by the time they reach their mid-twenties. 
• SGBV is not an exclusively female problem, as many at one in five men and boys also experience abuse, in particular in humanitarian settings, and institutions such as prisons.  
• Young people with physical and intellectual disabilities are more likely to be the victims of SGBV than others. 

Adolescent wellbeing and mental health

Adolescence is a critical period for social and emotional development, the adoption of health behaviours, and the emergence of gender identity and sexuality. During this time adolescence can be exposed to risk factors for poor mental health, such as stigma, exclusion, poverty and conflict, violence (especially sexual violence and bullying), and exposure to risk behaviours like alcohol and substance abuse.  

• Globally, one in seven 10-19-year-olds experience mental health issues
• Depression, anxiety and behavioural disorders are among the leading causes of illness and disability among adolescents. 
• Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death among 15-19 year-olds. 
• The consequences of failing to address adolescent mental health conditions extend to adulthood, impairing both physical and mental health and limiting opportunities to achieve their potential as adults. 
•  Protecting adolescents from adversity, promoting socio-emotional learning and psychological resilience, and ensuring access to mental health care are critical for their health and well-being and realising their sexual and reproductive health rights. 

Teenage pregnancy

Adolescents face multiple barriers to accessing contraception, such as restrictive, health worker attitudes, lack of knowledge, transport, and financial constraints. Additionally, adolescents may lack the agency or autonomy to ensure correct and consistent use of contraception.  At least 10 million unintended pregnancies occur each year among adolescent girls aged 15-19 years in developing regions. Sexual coercion and violence is a major contributor also, with up to 30% of girls in some countries reporting that their first sexual encounter was coerced. 

• Approximately 12 million girls aged 15–19 years and at least 777,000 girls under 15 years give birth each year in LMICs. 
• At least 10 million unintended pregnancies occur each year among adolescent girls aged 15–19 years 
• Complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally.  
• Of the estimated 5.6 million abortions that occur each year among adolescent girls aged 15–19 years, 3.9 million (69%) are unsafe, contributing to maternal mortality, morbidity and lasting health problems 
• Adolescent mothers face higher risks of complications in childbirth and babies of adolescent mothers face higher risks of low birth weight, preterm delivery and serious newborn conditions. 

Our strategy

Paving the way in youth health and wellbeing

In our global health strategy, we’re focusing on the well-being, reproductive rights, and quality of health of adolescents and youth, targeting the most excluded and marginalised youth aged 10 to 24 years. Such groups include young women, adolescents, LGBTQI+ people, refugees, teenage parents, prison populations, ethnic minorities, those living in hard-to-reach areas and those living with disabilities. 

Our approach recognises that during the different stages of human development, people have different health needs. We aim to integrate care throughout the adolescent's lifecycle by focusing on people while they are young. 

We view youth's reproductive health holistically, as something that will benefit themselves and their families for years to come.

Find out more in our 2021-24 Global Health Strategy (PDF, 434KB)